What is the procedure for acquiring a patent?
A non-resident applicant must appoint a Philippine lawyer or patent agent to prosecute his patent application before the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL). To obtain a filing date, the patent application must contain: (a) an indication that a Philippine patent is sought; (b) information on the applicant; (c) description of the invention and one or more claims; (d) drawings, if applicable; (e) payment of the prescribed fees; (f) priority claims, if applicable. An application that has complied with the formal requirements shall be classified, and a search shall be conducted to determine the prior art. The application, with the search, are published in the IPOPHL Gazette after 18 months from the filing date or the priority date.
Within six months from the publication, the applicant must request substantive examination with fee, otherwise the application is deemed to be withdrawn. Within the same six months, any person may present observations in writing regarding the patentability of the invention, for example, on novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. These observations shall be considered in the examination of the patent application. If the examiner finds no reason to refuse the application, or if the notice of reason for refusal is satisfactorily complied with by the applicant, the examiner issues a decision to grant the patent registration. Otherwise, the examiner refuses the application. There is no opposition procedure, only cancellation for patents.
How long are patents valid for?
For national phase applications under the PCT, the term is 20 years from the international filing date, with the first annual fee due at the end of the fourth year from the international publication date, regardless of the language of the publication. For direct filings, the term of protection is 20 years, and the first annual fee is due at the end of the fourth year from the publication date, and every year thereafter.
How do you renew patents?
Philippine patent laws cover inventions, utility models and designs. There are no renewals for inventions and utility models, but only for industrial design registrations, which have a term of five years from the filing date, and are renewable only for two consecutive periods of five years each.
Are there any recent court decisions that patent applicants should bear in mind?
There are very few cases which reach the Supreme Court. However, the following cases are worth keeping in mind:
Doctrine of equivalents
This doctrine provides that an infringement also takes place when a device appropriates a prior invention by incorporating its innovative concept and, although with some modification and change, performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result. In the case of Smith Kline Beckman Corp v CA, Tryco Pharma Corp [G.R. No. 126627, August 14 2003], the Supreme Court emphasised that in determining patent infringement, the doctrine of equivalents requires satisfaction of the function-means-and-result test, the patentee having the burden to show that all three components of such equivalency test are met. In this case, Smith Kline failed to prove that Tryco's compound Albendazole inheres in the former's patent, or that the meaning of the claims of the patent embrace the compound.
Need for vigilance of patent agent and applicant
In the case of E.I Dupont de Nemours and Co. v Dir. Emma Francisco (IPOPHL), Terapharma, et al, (G.R. No. 174379, August 31 2016), Dupont, through its Philippine agent, filed on July 10 1987, its application no. 35526 for Losartan, an invention related to the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure, being sold under the brand name Cozaar and Hyzaar. For failure to respond to an office action and revive it within the required period, the application was deemed forfeited by the IPOPHL. Dupont, through its new agent, filed a petition for revival on May 30 2002, or 13 years from the date of abandonment, stating that its former agent had died and they had only learnt about the death in 1996. The IPOPHL rejected the petition, stating that it had been filed out of time, and held the agent and applicant neglectful. The Supreme Court affirmed IPOPHL's conclusion on the inexcusable negligence, and further ruled that public interest would be prejudiced, if intervener Terapharma, which developed its own Losartan products banking on the IPOPHL's records of the abandonment of Dupont's patent, and sold its own version at a much lower price, would not be allowed to compete in the market.
How can you establish patent infringement and how is infringement dealt with?
Only the patentee or his successors in interest may file a civil or administrative action for infringement to recover damages and secure an injunction. Patent infringement is the making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing of a patented product or a product obtained directly or indirectly from a patented process, or the use of a patented process without the patentee's consent. Anyone who actively induces the infringement of a patent or provides the infringer with a component of a patented product or of a product produced because of a patented process, knowing it to be especially adopted for infringing the patented invention and not suitable for substantial non-infringing use shall be liable as a contributory infringer and be jointly and severally liable with the infringer.
No damages are recoverable for acts of infringement committed more than four years before the institution of the action for infringement. The court may order the destruction of the infringing product including the materials and implements used in the infringement without compensation. Criminal action is available for a repeat infringement, and the penalty is a fine and imprisonment.
Which pieces of legislation govern patent law in the Philippines?
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8293, as amended), and its Implementing Rules and Regulations;
Rules of Procedures for IP Cases A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC, November 8 2011;
Rules on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions, A.M. No. 02-1-06 SC, February 15 2002;
Philippine Rules on PCT. On May 20 2019, the IPOPHL became an international searching authority (ISA) and international preliminary examining authority (IPEA).
Which inventions can be covered by patents?
A patentable invention may be or may relate to: (a) a product, such as a machine, a device, an article of manufacture, a composition of matter, a microorganism; (b) a process, such as a method of use, a method of manufacturing, a non-biological process, a microbiological process; (c) computer-related inventions; and (d) an improvement of any of the foregoing.
How do you invalidate a patent? What are the grounds for invalidation?
Any person may file a petition before the Bureau of Legal Affairs (BLA) of the IPOPHL, which has exclusive jurisdiction over the cancellation of a patent or any claim thereof, or parts of the claim, on any of the following grounds: (a) that what is claimed as the invention is not new or patentable, (b) that the patent does not disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by any person skilled in the art, and (c) that the patent is contrary to public order or morality. The invalidity of a patent may also be raised as a defence and/or counterclaim in a patent infringement action over which the IPOPHL and the Regional Trial Court (RTC) have concurrent jurisdiction.
What are the requirements for a patent?
For an invention patent, it must be a technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable. For a utility model, there is no requirement for inventive step, and the IPOPHL has adopted an expeditious registration process without substantive examination. The same process applies to industrial designs, and to be registrable, they must be new and can serve as a pattern for an industrial product or handicraft.
Which inventions cannot be patented?
The following cannot be patented: (a) discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods, (b) schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and computer programs, (c) methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy, and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body, (d) plant varieties or animal breeds or essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals, (e) aesthetic creations, (f) anything which is contrary to public order or morality.
What are the different stages in patent litigation?
For civil actions (Regional Trial Court) and administrative actions (Bureau of Legal Affairs/IPOPHL), the stages are similar and the stages are: (a) filing of the complaint; (b) filing of the answer (motion to dismiss is prohibited); (c) referral to mediation or alternative dispute resolution; (d) pre-trial; and (e) trial. The provisional remedies of attachment and preliminary injunction are available. Also, an application for a writ of search and provisional seizure to prevent infringement and preserve relevant evidence is available for civil actions. The stages of appeal for the RTC decision are the Court of Appeals and then the Supreme Court. For the BLA, the decision of the adjudication officer can be appealed by either party to the BLA director, then to the Office of the Director General, then to the Court of Appeals and finally to the Supreme Court.
Trademarks
Are trademarks in Japanese characters registrable in the Philippines?
Yes. The IP Code defines trademark as any visible sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of an enterprise and will include a stamped or marked container of goods. The applicant, will be required to provide the transliteration or translation to English of the characters, or any foreign language for that matter.
What are the requirements for filing a trademark application?
To file a trademark application, an applicant who is not domiciled in the Philippines should appoint an attorney or resident agent. The information and documentary requirements are as follows: (a) signed power of attorney; (b) name of applicant as well as country of incorporation and principal place of business, if body corporate; (c) enumeration of goods and/or services; (d) illustration of the mark in jpg format; (e) claim of colour, if any; (f) state if three-dimensional; (g) if with claim of priority, date of filing the priority application and the country or IP office where the application was filed.
What is the duration of a trademark registration?
The registration shall remain in force for 10 years, renewable every 10 years. To maintain the trademark registration the requisite Declaration of Actual Use (DAU) must be filed within three years from filing, on the fifth anniversary from date of registration, and on the renewal. For an international registration under the Madrid system, the third year DAU must be filed within three years from the international registration date and the fifth year DAU, during the fifth year from the date of issuance of Statement of Grant of Protection.
What proofs of use are acceptable for the DAU?
The following are acceptable proofs of use: labels, downloaded pages from the applicant's website, photographs (including digital photographs printed on ordinary paper) of goods bearing the marks, brochures or advertising materials showing the trademark on goods or services as sold, receipts or invoices showing the mark on goods sold or services rendered in the Philippines, copies of contracts for services showing the use of the mark.
How are trademark rights enforced?
For oppositions and cancellations, any party that will be damaged by the registration of a trademark may file an opposition or cancellation action before the IPOPHL. Prior registration or application in the Philippines is not a requirement to have standing. Actions for infringement and unfair competition may be administrative before the IPOPHL or civil or criminal before the RTC. The stages of the action are the same as those for patents.
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Editha R. Hechanova |
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Editha R Hechanova specialises in patent and trademark litigation and prosecution and has initiated and completed numerous successful enforcement actions against counterfeiters and infringers. She is currently the president/CEO of Hechanova & Co, and also the managing partner of the law offices of Hechanova Bugay Vilchez & Andaya-Racadio. She is a certified public accountant and certified patent agent by the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL). She was cited as a leading lawyer in IP by Asialaw magazine from 2005 to 2019 and listed in the top 100 lawyers in the Philippines by the Asia Business Journal in the years 2018 and 2019. Editha R. Hechanovaã¯ãç¹èš±ïŒåæšèšŽèšããã³åºé¡æç¶ããå°éãšããåœé ããã³æš©å©äŸµå®³ã«å¯Ÿããæ°å€ãã®èšŽèšãèµ·ãããããããæåè£ã«åããŠããŸãããHechanovaã¯ãçŸåšHechanova & Co., Inc.ã®ä»£è¡šåç· åœ¹ç€Ÿé·ãåãããŸãHechanova Bugay Vilchez & Andaya-Racadioæ³åŸäºåæã®å·è¡ããŒãããŒã§ããããŸããåæ°ã¯ãå ¬èªäŒèšå£«ã§ãããšåæã«ãIntellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL: ãã£ãªãã³ç¥ç財ç£åº) èªå®ã®åŒç士ã§ãããã2005幎ãã2019幎ã®æ³åŸå°ééèªãAsialawãã§ã¯ãäžæµã®ç¥ç財ç£å°éã®åŒè·å£«ãšããŠã2018幎ããã³2019幎ã®ãAsia Business Journal ãïŒã¢ãžã¢ã»ããžãã¹ã»ãžã£ãŒãã«ïŒã§ã¯ããã£ãªãã³ã®ããã100人ã®åŒè·å£«ãšããŠçŽ¹ä»ãããŠããŸãã |
Brenda P. Rivera |
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Brenda P Rivera, an economist, is the vice-president and director for patents of Hechanova & Co, and manages the patent division which handles patent prosecution for both international and domestic clients, searches including freedom to operate searches, and patent drafting. She has received special training in food marketing/distribution systems. She is a certified patent valuation analyst by the Business Development Academy in New Jersey, USA, and a member of the company's patent valuation team. She also handles the litigation support division including market surveys. Brenda P. Riveraã¯ãçµæžå°é家ã§ããããŸãHechanova & Co., Inc.ã§ç¹èš±çµ±æ¬æ¬éšé·ãšããŠãåœå å€ã®é¡§å®¢ã«å¯Ÿããç¹èš±åºé¡æç¶ãFTO調æ»ãå«ãç¹èš±èª¿æ»ãããã³æ现æžã®ãã©ããã£ã³ã°ãè¡ãç¹èš±éšéã®ç®¡çïŒç£ç£ãããŠããŸããRiveraã¯ãé£åã®ããŒã±ãã£ã³ã°ïŒæµéã·ã¹ãã ã«é¢ããå°éæè²ãåããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã¥ãŒãžã£ãŒãžãŒå·ã«ããæè²æ©é¢Business Development Academyèªå®ã®ç¹èš±å¯©æ»ã¢ããªã¹ãã§ããããã£ãªãã³ã®ç¹èš±å¯©æ»ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ããããŸãããŸããåæ°ã¯åžå Žèª¿æ»ãå«ã蚎èšæ¯æŽéšéã«ãæºãã£ãŠããŸãã |
Chrissie Ann L. Barredo |
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Chrissie Ann L Barredo is a senior patent manager/senior associate. She obtained her law degree from the University of the Philippines and Bsc in management information systems from the Ateneo de Manila University. She has over 10 years extensive experience in intellectual property law which includes litigation involving patent, trademark and design infringement and other IPR violations filed before the IPOPHL and regular and appellate courts. She is a certified patent agent by the IPOPHL. Chrissie Ann L. Barredoã¯ãã·ãã¢ã»ããã³ãã»ãããŒãžã£ãŒããã³ã·ãã¢ã»ã¢ãœã·ãšã€ãïŒåŒè·å£«ïŒã§ããBarredoã¯ããã£ãªãã³å€§åŠã§æ³åŠå£«ããAteneo de Manila UniversityïŒã¢ãããªã»ãã»ããã©å€§åŠïŒã§çåŠå£«ïŒçµå¶æ å ±ã·ã¹ãã å°æ»ïŒãããããååŸããŠããŸããåæ°ã¯ãç¹èš±ãåæšããã³æå 暩䟵害ããã®ä»ç¥ç財ç£æš©äŸµå®³ã«å¯ŸããIPOPHLããã³éåžžã®è£å€æãŸãã¯äžèšŽè£å€æãžã®èšŽèšãå«ããç¥ç財ç£æ³ã«ã€ããŠ10幎ãè¶ ããå¹ åºãçµéšãæããŠããŸãããŸããIPOPHLèªå®ã®åŒç士ã§ããããŸãã |